GSR ("ГСР" in Russian means "Supersonic Launche Plane") is a plane with delta wing of 38 meters length. Its wing has variable angle, double delta (80° on the nose and 60° in the final part of the wing), the wingspan is 16 m and wing surface of 240 m² including 18.5 m² for the vertical stabilizers at the end of the wing. To stabilize the plane in flight those are tilted of 3° inside compared to the symmetry plane of the apparatus. The wing is fine and have a curvative profile of 2.5% on nose area and up to 3% at the end of the wing.
The control of the GSR was carried out by the rudders on the vertical stabilizers, the elevons and the wing flaps. The GSR was equipped with a cockpit with 2 ejector seats. To improve the visibility at the landing time the nasal part of the fuselage inclined 5°. Thereafter this functionality was used for the Soviet supersonic aircrafts such as the TU-144 and the strategic reconnaissance aircraft T-4 "Сотка" OKB P.O.Suhogo.
The GSR takes off like a conventional plane with 3 landing gears which are spread against the flight. The main landing gear is equipped with 2 wheels to reduce the room inside the fuselage. The size of this housing is of 5.75m. In the higher part of the GSR take place the orbital space-plane, in the nasal part, and the auxiliary rocket. The fuel used on the GSR is liquid hydrogen used in 4 turbo ramjets (TRD) (engineering and design department A.M. Lioulka) which produce a thrust of 17.5 tons each one. These engines are also used during the supersonic flight. The empty weight of the GSR is 36 t and could transport 16 t of liquid hydrogen (213 m3) for an inside volume of 260 m3.
The particularity of these engines was to use of the hydrogen gas to actuate the turbine of the compressor (as remembered G.E.Lozino-Lozinsky later, "... other alternatives to the engines of the GSR were looked at, however they were not studied in depths"). The spray of hydrogen was put on the entry of the compressor. Thus, it has solved with success the realization of the power unit without combining TVRD, GPRD and TRD. TRD engine with hydrogen was unique, Soviet industry never did something similar until now (experimental models were elaborate in the Central Institut of Plane's Engine).
The engine received the name AL-51 (at the same time with OKB-165 the TPDF of third generation AL-21F was elaborate, and for a new engine the selected index started to 50).
In the first days, when OKB A. Lioulky received the requirements of the engine its diagram was not clear. Then S.M. Shljahtenko arrived from TsIM (one year later he was the chief of the institute) with a certain foreign review (probably, Flight or Interavia) which contained a "tested diagram of an engine with gas hydrogen". According to this article the engine had very attractive characteristics and a great specific impulse.
Shljahtenko is shocked by the review: "Look, they have already a test engine which will fly today or tomorrow! And us always nothing!". The engineers take up the challenge.
The first studies show that indeed the diagram is very attractive and the result are quite simply fantastic. On this basis the construction of the engine is launched. The technical project signed in 1966 is dispatched with OKB-155 G.E.Lozino-Lozinsky.
Thereafter the project undergoes many improvements. It was in constant evolution. The materials implemented for the realization existed, technologies, the factories were good, but the tests of the prototypes did not give the awaited characteristics. The tests continued 5-6 more years until 1970 before the "SPIRAL" project is stopped.
The limiting thrust characteristics of the engine are functions of the temperature of gas in the turbine: if it is too high the components will melt, but more the temperature will be high more important will be the speed of the plane. The engineers did not decide to make an engine with combined cycle because the techniques of realization was too complex. In fact they thought of making "simply" a turbo-compressor engine and to use it only in the border line conditions. Making an ideal engine did not interest them in this case: economic qualities of the TRDG are much larger in comparison of the GRD (powering rockets), even if the engine has an output 2 times weaker than the theoretical one it is nevertheless 5 times more sparing than a rocket.
With materials of that time building the TRDF engine's components could allow a speed of Mach 4. Even now by using technologies like ceramics, composite materials, cooled paddles it increase the speed only at Mach 5. The advantage of hydrogen is that it can be used like cooling agent, initially, to cool the air (firstly) and the paddles of the compressor (secondly).
In the project the engine was distinguished from a traditional ramjet because the turbine is pulled by hydrogen gas which goes then actuat the compressor which gives the air to the combustion chamber. This system of divided conduits makes it possible to increase the pressure in the tube and by consequence to increase the specific impulse of the engine.
The engine for the intermediate alternative of the GSR, running on the kerosene, was produced by the office: OKB-300, linear turbojet with increased room (TRDF). A new development received the P39-900 index. Work was directed, probably, by Grigory L'vovich Lifshits which was the first assistant of the general engineer of OKB-300. After cancel of the SPIRAL project work on made on engines at OKB-300 haven't got any further.
The second important innovation of the GSR was the air compression, at supersonic speeds, by the lower fuselage section of the nasal wing part. Thermal resistance was ensured by the use of fireproof materials. Recently, publication of archival files on this subject shown that it was planned to use the principle of SPIRAL for the creation of a supersonic passenger aircraft (Mach 6). However the pre-project didn't mention civil use of the SPIRAL. A military alternative of the GSR envisaged to use it in a large range pathfinder. The GSR-scout (with kerosene) was to have a maximum speed of Mach 4-4.5 and an operating range from 6000 to 7000 km at Mach 4. But the use of hydrogen could augment speed until Mach 6 and range to 12 000 km (for a cruising speed of Mach 5).
The GSR plane was the first hypersonic plane which was studied in TsAGI (speeds: Mach 4 to 6), the photograph on the right is the model used in the wind tunnel. 2 model kits completed the aerodynamic test cycle in the wind tunnels in 1965-1975. Many tests proved the accuracy of the technical choices for this plane.
At the 40em congress of the International Nations of Aeronautics (FAI) in 1989 in Malaga, in Spain, the representatives of the American delegation (NASA) largely appreciated the plane because "it is elaborate according to modern requirements".
The auxiliary 2 stages rocket.
The auxiliary rocket is made of 2 stages half embedded on the top of the GSR. For the acceleration phase it was planned to use (in pre-project) hydrogen and liquid oxygen or fluor-hydrogen. According to the requirements and the putting into orbit of a greater payload, the choice was done on the couple hydrogen-oxygen. Oxygen was preferred to fluorine because it is easier to produce although it is voluminous and decreases the maximum speed to Mach 5.5 (Mach 6 for fluorine).
With fluorine, for oxidant, for the auxiliary rocket, the specific impulse is 460 s the mass of the tank is only 9-10% of the system's mass, whereas with oxygen the specific impulse is 455 s and the mass stand for 7.5-8%. The length of the rocket is 27.75 m including 18 m for the first stage with the tail deflector and 9.75 m for the 2em stage with the payload (the orbital space-plane). The alternative of the rocket with oxygen-hydrogen is 96 cm longer and 50 cm thicker. According to pre-project it was expected that the engine of the second stage has a thrust of 25 t (the elements of the rocket will be elaborate at OKB-456 S.P.Glushko) the engine will receive the name of RD-301. As for the first stage of the rocket it consists of 4 engines of 25 tf each one.
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Advanced Techniques for Building High-Quality Backlinks
In the SEO field, quality of links is considered to be the king and everyone is in the constant search for them. Besides, they enhance the authority and ranking of your website
In the SEO field, quality of links is considered to be the king and everyone is in the constant search for them. Besides, they enhance the authority and ranking of your website, and also help to drive referral traffic and increase brand recognition. But the construction of these highly sought after links is not as simple as it seems. It involves a lot of thinking, innovation and it goes beyond the normal link building strategies that are commonly used. In this article, I will be sharing with you some of the most effective strategies that can be used in getting quality backlinks.
1. Broken Link Building
Broken link building is a very effective method that implies searching for the broken links on the relevant websites and offering the content that can replace it. First, you can use Check My Links or LinkMiner to find pages with broken external links especially resource pages and blog posts. After identifying a good broken link, the next step is to contact the owner of the site and kindly inform him/her of the problem. Propose your own content as a worthy replacement and explain why it should be included and why it is good. It also gets you a chance to solve a problem for the website owner and at the same time get a quality backlink in return.
2. The Skyscraper Technique
Known as the Skyscraper Technique, it was developed by Brian Dean and it entails creating content that is better than any other content ranking for the target keywords. First of all, it is necessary to choose the material that has already had a good backlinking performance. Identify the factors that have made it to be successful and how you can come up with something even better. This could mean elaborating on the topic, providing more value or simply repackaging the information in a more interesting way. After the skyscraper content has been developed, try contacting the potential linkers, the ones who linked to the original piece or other related websites, and offer them better content that can replace or complement the existing one.
3. Influencer Outreach
Influencers can be a great asset when it comes to link building and here is why. The following are the steps that can be followed to identify the right influencers to work with in a particular industry: Interact with them on the social media platforms, leave comments on their blog posts and make the relationship real. Once you have a good relationship with the person, then you can present your content or products and kindly ask if they can share it with their followers. Influencers usually have high domain authority websites and can help to get backlinks and brand awareness.
4. Unlinked Brand Mentions
If your brand or website is mentioned on other websites without a backlink, then it is a chance to get a quality link. To track your brand online you can use tools like Google Alerts or Mention. If you come across an unlinked mention, you should contact the website owner and kindly ask him or her to link to your website. This approach is effective because the website has already recognized your brand; therefore, they are more likely to link to you.
5. Tiered Link Building
Tiered link building or the link building pyramid is a process of building a network of links to support the primary links that you are building. First of all, it is recommended to get high-quality and relevant backlinks from other websites with high domain authority. Then, create another level of links that link to the primary level of links from related web 2. No properties, social media profiles, and other web properties that you own are connected to this website. Last, you need to create one more level of links that will point to the second level via article directories, blog comments, and other low-quality resources. This layered approach is useful in enhancing the primary backlinks and the overall performance of the backlinks.
Thus, using these advanced link building techniques in your SEO plan, you will get quality backlinks that will lead to the sustainable growth of your website. Link building is a process that does not end and demands time, imagination, and the desire to offer something useful to the audience. In order to be one step ahead of your competitors, it is advisable to try new strategies and switch to new tactics as the search engine algorithms are evolving constantly.
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Advanced Techniques for Building High-Quality Backlinks
